Gambling is a type of risk-taking behavior that involves placing something of value, usually money, on the outcome of an event with uncertain and random results. Some gambling games involve only chance; others require skill. Although gambling has been a popular and widespread activity throughout history, there are serious risks associated with it. The adverse consequences of excessive gambling are numerous and can damage health, relationships and family, performance at work and study, and even leave people homeless. Understanding what causes individuals to become vulnerable to problem gambling is essential for developing better prevention and treatment strategies.
Gambling can be fun and can also be a useful way to learn new skills. For example, playing card games like poker and blackjack require a high degree of observation and mental tasking. It can also be a great social activity and help to build friendships. However, some people find gambling difficult and can end up feeling depressed, guilty or ashamed when they gamble. They may lie to friends and family or make excuses for their behaviour. They often spend more than they can afford, and often gamble when they are feeling stressed or down.
There is no single cause of a gambling disorder, but research suggests that it is partly caused by a lack of impulse control and by distorted perceptions of probability and odds. It is also influenced by the association between impulsiveness and sensation-and novelty-seeking, and arousal. The criteria for the diagnosis of gambling disorder include making repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, reduce or stop gambling, putting gambling before other interests and responsibilities, lying to avoid being caught, chasing losses, and becoming preoccupied with gambling. In addition, the American Psychiatric Association has added an exclusion criterion to the DSM-5 that is based on clinical data that indicates that excessive gambling is not better accounted for by a manic episode.